// ExampleSaxEcho.java
                                       
                                       import java.io.*;
                                       import javax.xml.parsers.*;
                                       import org.xml.sax.*;
                                       import org.xml.sax.helpers.DefaultHandler;
                                       
                                       public class ExampleSaxEcho extends DefaultHandler
                                       {
                                         static final   String       sNEWLINE   = System.getProperty( "line.separator" );
                                         static private Writer       out        = null;
                                         private        StringBuffer textBuffer = null;
                                       
                                         // ---- main ----
                                       
                                         public static void main( String[] argv )
                                         {
                                           if( argv.length != 1 )
                                           {
                                             System.err.println( "Usage: java ExampleSaxEcho MyXmlFile.xml" );
                                             System.exit( 1 );
                                           }
                                           try {
                                             // Use an instance of ourselves as the SAX event handler
                                             DefaultHandler handler = new ExampleSaxEcho();
                                             // Parse the input with the default (non-validating) parser
                                             SAXParser saxParser = SAXParserFactory.newInstance().newSAXParser();
                                             saxParser.parse( new File( argv[0] ), handler );
                                             System.exit( 0 );
                                           } catch( Throwable t ) {
                                             t.printStackTrace();
                                             System.exit( 2 );
                                           }
                                         }
                                       
                                         // ---- SAX DefaultHandler methods ----
                                       
                                         public void startDocument()
                                         throws SAXException
                                         {
                                           echoString( sNEWLINE + "<?xml ...?>" + sNEWLINE + sNEWLINE );
                                         }
                                       
                                         public void endDocument()
                                         throws SAXException
                                         {
                                           echoString( sNEWLINE );
                                         }
                                       
                                         public void startElement( String namespaceURI,
                                                                   String localName,   // local name
                                                                   String qName,       // qualified name
                                                                   Attributes attrs )
                                         throws SAXException
                                         {
                                           echoTextBuffer();
                                           String eName = ( "".equals( localName ) ) ? qName : localName;
                                           echoString( "<" + eName );                  // element name
                                           if( attrs != null )
                                           {
                                             for( int i=0; i<attrs.getLength(); i++ )
                                             {
                                               String aName = attrs.getLocalName( i ); // Attr name
                                               if( "".equals( aName ) )  aName = attrs.getQName( i );
                                               echoString( " " + aName + "=\"" + attrs.getValue( i ) + "\"" );
                                             }
                                           }
                                           echoString( ">" );
                                         }
                                       
                                         public void endElement( String namespaceURI,
                                                                 String localName,     // local name
                                                                 String qName )        // qualified name
                                         throws SAXException
                                         {
                                           echoTextBuffer();
                                           String eName = ( "".equals( localName ) ) ? qName : localName;
                                           echoString( "</" + eName + ">" );           // element name
                                         }
                                       
                                         public void characters( char[] buf, int offset, int len )
                                         throws SAXException
                                         {
                                           String s = new String( buf, offset, len );
                                           if( textBuffer == null )
                                             textBuffer = new StringBuffer( s );
                                           else
                                             textBuffer.append( s );
                                         }
                                       
                                         // ---- Helper methods ----
                                       
                                         // Display text accumulated in the character buffer
                                         private void echoTextBuffer()
                                         throws SAXException
                                         {
                                           if( textBuffer == null )  return;
                                           echoString( textBuffer.toString() );
                                           textBuffer = null;
                                         }
                                       
                                         // Wrap I/O exceptions in SAX exceptions, to
                                         // suit handler signature requirements
                                         private void echoString( String s )
                                         throws SAXException
                                         {
                                           try {
                                             if( null == out )
                                               out = new OutputStreamWriter( System.out, "UTF8" );
                                             out.write( s );
                                             out.flush();
                                           } catch( IOException ex ) {
                                             throw new SAXException( "I/O error", ex );
                                           }
                                         }
                                       }